Jesus Christ Made A Voluntary Sacrifice Essay - 1544 Words

Atonement is an ecclesiastical theory which explains human being’s reconnection with God. This allows the sinful nature of man to be forgiven, and reconciled with grace of God. Forgiveness of sin through the sacrifice given through the death of Jesus and later his resurrection, is the understanding of atonement. Jesus Christ made a voluntary sacrifice to later allow the possibility of reconciliation between man and God. â€Å"God so loved the world, and gave his only begotten son† (Bible – King James version – John 3:16). The particular scripture highlights the origin of atonement with the blessed provisions of God’s love. Gods powerful love that Paul felt for God speaks of this steadfast love. â€Å"Spared not his own son, but delivered him up for us all† (Bible – King James version – Romans 8:32). This amazing sacrifice of God’s son wasn’t the way to save us, but God wanted to show his sacrificial love to us, wi th these of his son. His son’s sacrifice was necessary to magnified his glory and heightened the exact character of the salvation given. The act of being saved through salvation does require only the forgiveness of sin but also understanding. God represents everything opposite to the acts of sin, and wanted to demonstrate the sacrifice of Christ on the cross is the ultimate example of the love of God. Atonement requires that it contains obedience, sacrifice, propitiation, reconciliation and redemption. There are various theories to the understanding of atonement; example ofShow MoreRelatedTheories of the Atonement1274 Words   |  6 Pagestheories are as follows: The Socinian Theory (1998:801); This theory speaks of Christ on the Cross as a perfect example of what kind of dedication followers of God must do, there is no connection to a sacrificial death whatsoever. The moral influence theory (1998:802); This theory believes the cross was an example of God’s love and not much more. The Governmental theory (1998:806); This theory sees the death of Christ on the Cross as atonement and also as a picture to the believer as to how seriousRead MoreMatthew 9:27 . And When Jesus Departed Thence, Two Blind986 Words   |  4 PagesMatthew 9:27 And when Jesus departed thence, two blind men followed him, crying, and saying, Thou Son of David, have mercy on us. Two blind men followed Jesus into a house. As a result of following Jesus the best is yet to come. They asked Jesus to have mercy and Jesus asked if they believed He could. The faith must not be faith in their faith, but faith in the giver of faith. They affirmed that they had faith that Jesus could heal them. Jesus then touched their eyes and said to let itRead MoreThe Bible And The Holy Bible Essay1730 Words   |  7 Pagesforever. Appearing in the role of God’s servant, Christ comes to people with the aim of raising a revolt against the usurper inside their souls. When we carefully read the Bible, it becomes clear that Christ is not a sentimental preacher emphasizing on morals and ethics of the times; He is a warrior, and the Cross of Calvary is the price He had to pay for people’s fascination with the evil teachings. Jazzmon Brunson The Crucifixion of Jesus Christ From its first pages, the Holy Bible indicates thatRead MoreLiving An Authentic Christian Life1006 Words   |  5 Pagesterm Christian, literally meaning little Christ, should clearly express to every believer their ultimate goal. Everything a believer says, does and strives for should be unmistakably in line with the words, actions and goals of Jesus, as they daily strive to become more and more like Him. In order for this to happen there are two detrimental aspects that need to be considered. Character and service are two key ingredients in the life of one alive in Christ that go hand in hand as described in RomansRead MoreGender, Or Race, And Many Christians Essay1074 Words   |  5 Pagesdemonstrated the fallacy of pagan religions and Christianity. The importance of Christian history provides an example of those who took their faith seriously in the early church. Apologetic writings also explained that Christianity was not new because Jesus was the prophesied Messiah of the Old Testament. Christian history give generations to come, a blueprint of the source that is traceable to the critical problems and teaching during those times. The Bible which the early church used was alreadyRead MoreThe Death and Resurrection of Jesus Christ788 Words   |  4 Pagesressurection of Jesus Christ is an event that occurs in the New Testament where Jesus, God s only son, is crucified, buried, and three days later rises from the dead. Christians accept the New Testament story as an historical account of a ressurection, which is central to the christian faith. However its impact on other religions reinforces the gravity of this event. Non-Christians, still find meaning in its themes in which the crucifixion story is a spiritual symbol of Jesus changing formsRead MoreJesus, God, And God1291 Words   |  6 PagesJesus was a human being who has a gift which made him different from other human beings: he was God s son. He was all man because he had a growth, development and limitations as a normal human. But he was also every god. In the Bible certain details and evidence for this claim is. Throughout his life he never sinned, forgive sins and God did. In addition, he called himself I am like God because Jesus, God the Son, and God the Father are one. Moreover, Jesus shows the union of God with humanityRead More The Greatest Of These Is Love Essay996 Words   |  4 Pagesanother. This command is not referring to a physical affection or emotion, but a purposeful, voluntary SPIRITUAL affection; an unselfish concern for the well-being of others whether or not we feel they are deserving of our love. Even our enemies a re to receive our love despite their attitude, or behavior toward us. (Luke 6:27-28) For despite our unworthiness, God loved us and made the greatest sacrifice to prove it. Gods Love for Mankind For God so loved the world that He gave His one andRead MoreThe Art of Personal Evangelism1175 Words   |  5 Pages Jieun Yun B.S., Korea Baptist Theological Seminary, 2004 March 5, 2014 The Art of Personal Evangelism: Sharing Jesus in a changing culture By Will McRaney, Jr. Nashville: Broadman Holman Academic, 2003, 268 pp., $19.99 paper. This book â€Å"The Art of Personal Evangelism is not to hard to read all of the task of the person who winning to believe in Jesus Christ. McRaney well said about task of evangelism as a practitioner for both the Christian and the Church for the importance of personalRead More Growth of Mormon Church Essay1710 Words   |  7 Pagesridicule by people of all social classes and religions. Ten years earlier, in the spring of 1820, this young boy declared that he had seen a vision, that he had been visited by both God, and His Son, Jesus Christ. This vision is a cornerstone of the Church that is known today as, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, nicknamed the â€Å"Mormons†, a religion that was built on the ideals of communal living and strict obedience to religious guidelines, a people that would be hunted by mobs, and that

The Social Contract Hobbes, Locke and Rousseau - 1377 Words

The Social Contract The three philosophers, Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau were three key thinkers of political philosophy. The three men helped develop the social contract theory into what it is in this modern day and age. The social contract theory was the creation of Hobbes who created the idea of a social contract theory, which Locke and Rousseau built upon. Their ideas of the social contract were often influenced by the era in which they lived and social issues that were present during their lives. Although all men sit in different positions on the theoretical political spectrum, which is derived from their work on the Social Contract Theory, they carry both similar and differential ideas (it can be argued†¦show more content†¦13 s. 9) Also Hobbes declares â€Å"†¦ that the nature of man, we find three principle causes of quarrel.Show MoreRelatedJohn Locke: Founding Father of Modern Era Liberalism1444 Words   |  6 PagesThomas Hobbes, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and John Locke are all great thinkers who were greatly influential in forming philosophies that would affect the future of politics. By analyzing each philosopher’s ideology, we can identify which thinker’s theory reflected modern era liberalism the most. For this paper I will be arguing that, John Locke provides a more compelling framework of modern era liberalism because of his perception of the state of nature, the social contract and the function of governmentRead MoreHuman Nature Establishes Political Authority982 Words   |  4 Pagespolitical authority. Hobbes believes that because the state of nature is a constant state of war, the role of government must be to protect the people to protect people from themselves. Therefore, the purpose of political a uthority is to enforce law and order, and that the purpose of government is to control and be authoritative and should not be responsible for representing the people. Hobbes believes that you must give up your natural rights for peace. In the social contract man give up their rightsRead MoreThe Social Contract Of The Middle East Essay1431 Words   |  6 PagesThe social contracts of Hobbes, Locke and Rousseau constructed a basis upon which governments have expressed their validity and purpose. This can be observed most prominently in the Western world, due to the development of these social contracts alongside that of governments of Western nations. But the abstract roots of these theories on the foundation of government are applicable to all peoples. The Middle East is of particular interest due to the recent outcries and protests against governmentsRead MoreRousseau, Locke, and Hobbes Essay1200 Words   |  5 Pagesgrounds of equality, justice, and freedom. Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau were all members of The Enlightenment movement, and each had their own idea on how human society should be structured and run. Locke and Hobbes lived around the same time, and some of their political theories were the same, however, by the time Rousseau came along, much had changed. Born in Geneva to a middle class watch maker, Jean-Jacques Rousseau was to become one of the most influential thinkersRead MoreModern Liberalism and Political Policies1337 Words   |  6 PagesModern Liberalism Thomas Hobbes, John Locke and Jean Jacques Rousseau’s political philosophies and theories each differ from one another’s, but these three philosophers have all staked their claims as to what man would be like, prior to the formation of the state. This is the State of Nature. Their notions on the social contract reflect their position on the political spectrum. These three philosophers also examine the purpose and function of the government to individuals of the state. Modern liberalismRead MoreHobbes, Locke and Rousseau on Classic Liberalism1091 Words   |  4 Pagesdifferent view point of Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau on the most basic tenets of classical liberalism. For example the states of nature, the social contracts, and the sets of view of the rights and obligations of citizens and states. My first topic that I will be discussing is the different views of social contracts. It will go in order from Hobbes to Locke then to Rousseau. As I was pointing out in the intro I will be starting off with Hobbes perspective of social contract. Hobbes believes in a â€Å"civilRead MoreThomas Hobbes And The State Of Nature1727 Words   |  7 Pagesis important in determining political societies, or the governmental structures that composed these. However, many philosophers have different notions of the State of Nature. In this essay I am going to use the writings of Thomas Hobbes, John Locke and Jean-Jacque Rousseau to explain how their notions of the State of Nature shape the way they envision political society. These philosophers have different notions of the State of Nature but they all agree that the State of Nature is the reason for whyRead MoreThe Social Contract Theory Since The United States1449 Words   |  6 PagesFor this discussion, I am keen to discuss the Social Contract theory since I see this fundamental theory still directly affects today s politics in the United States as well as around the world. Contemporary study of neoliberalism and neo-conservatism as in the analysis of Wendy Brown (2006) or of political deliberation and deliberative democracy in the writing of Simone Chambers (2009) is a dynamic consequences of that basic concepts of democracy from the past. During its development, democracyRead MoreThe State Of Nature : Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, And Jean Jacques Rousseau902 Words   |  4 Pages　 The state of nature is the state were humans existed before government was ever created. There once was a period were there were not any rules, or laws to obey. In a state of nature there are no social goods. No farming, housing, technology, or education. With a state of nature there must be guaranteed that no one will harm one another, and people must rely on other s to keep their word, and not go back on what they say. Living in a state of nature was no way to live honestly. A state of natureRead MoreRousseau ´s Solution to  ¨The Fundamental Problem ¨1178 Words   |  5 PagesThe problem is to find a form of association †¦ in which each, while uniting himself with all, may still obey himself alone, and remain as free as before.’ Does Rousseau have a convincing solution to the problem he poses? The opening line of Jean-Jacques Rousseaus influential work The Social Contract (1762), is man is born free, and he is everywhere in chains. Those who think themselves masters of others are indeed greater slaves than they. These are not physical chains, but psychological

Intercultural Communication Translational Action and Intercultural

Question: Describe about the Intercultural Communication for Translational Action and Intercultural. Answer: I must say that recent events like terrorist attack and the Bali Bombing have severely shocked the people in Australia as well as elsewhere in this globe. I have found that since this attack, people in different parts of Australia feel more insecure living with any other people who are from different cultural backgrounds. As one of the many immigrants to Australia, I have encountered several people who have shown interest in me because of my dissimilar cultural and ethnic backdrop (Asante, Miike and Yin 2013). However, it is required to mention that the ways in which all the people have reacted to my culture has been categorized in four ways. Firstly, I must say that there are some people who do not treat me as a foreigner and expect me to understand Australian culture properly. Secondly, I am from Africa and some of the Australians are open-mined and they accept me as an African and do understand the importance of understanding the intercultural difference (Buhrig, House and ten Thi je 2014). Thirdly, I must say that there are some people who have a closed mind set and are simply not bothered to accommodate any outside culture and are highly unwilling to know about the culture of a different nation. Finally, there are some groups of people who do not like to communicate with me because of my different cultural background (Carbaugh 2013). However, it is required to mention here that with this last group of people, when I tried to communicate, though, they were highly impatient with my un-Australian accent in the language and this to some extent made me skeptical about my sustainability in this nation. From my experience, I have understood that this situation is the second phase of how people from the host nation react to the foreigners. Casmir (2013) has stated in his research paper that this second phase is called ethnocentrism and here the people believe that their own culture is always better than others and they judge others by taking their own culture as the base line . In this part, focus would be shed on several intercultural dimensions of communication and these are as follows: Worldviews- procedures of thinking Cognitive procedure- ways of expressing concepts Linguistic forms- procedure of expressing ideas Behavioral patterns- ways of acting and performing Social structures- procedures of interacting Media influence- ways of channeling the messages Motivational resources- ways of deciding anything (Martin and Nakayama 2013) After discussion of this part, it can be stated that these seven dimensions have helped me to understand the intercultural communication properly. However, I must say that I have learnt that the Australians in general enjoy a good laugh and have a fairly dry sense of humor. Moreover, I saw that humor is largely used and probably the best techniques to break the ice and in some cases, I was wrong. At the time inter cultural communication, I have found that people in Africa are warmer to relationship than the people in Australia. Australian culture tends lends itself to be more egalitarian culture than my home country Africa. Mindess (2014) has stated that Australians welcome as well as embrace the migrants along with descendents of migrants from different ethnic and cultural backdrops and at the same time inspire them to maintain elements of their own culture. However, it is unfortunate to mention that despite such recent public policy of the government, difficulties of communication among people of such diverse backgrounds take place. Samovar et al. (2014), in his research paper has mentioned in his research paper that this typical communication tends to be demonstrated as cross-cultural or the intercultural communication because these two terms, from time to time are used interchangeably (Neuliep 2014). I must mention here that my experience both as a learner of English and an immigrant in Australia have stimulated my curiosity regarding different cultures. I started learning English in my middle school years, as the others in my country do. However, from my sole interest, I started communicating personally with the English speakers from the beginning of my under graduate years. My subject was English Language and Culture and my principle focus was on communicative and cultural learning than structural language learning. Help from my professors were highly helpful, as I was able to communicate with the native Australians quite easily. However, my experience was not good in all the cases and this disappointed me sometimes. Apart from that, I must say that this intercultural communication helped me to learn about different cultures and this prompted me to reflect on as well as make comparisons between my own and other cultures (Sharifian and Jamarani 2013). The second group of people with whom I met responded differently to me and this was curious enough for me. I found that some were the open-minded people who used to ask me many questions about Africa, African culture and African food habit to know my insiders viewpoint. However, it is required to mention that most of the Australians were curious about the social condition and poverty of Africa, as this comes to the news most frequently. On the other hand, I have seen some other peoples who posses stereotypes regarding Africa and judge me based on their knowledge. Some were even racists who were eager to judge me on the basis of the skin color that I possess. From my learning, I must say that this approach was demonstrated by a group of people who looked down on me because they perceive more like an Australian and African. Shuter (2012) has demonstrated that that this stereotypical categorization of other cultures prevented genuine communication. I have learnt from this position that I did not seem to be fit their stereotype image of a typical African, a person who differs from an Australian. I have already mentioned that my experience in case of inter-cultural communication was mixed and I found that after the attack of September 11, many Australians have some negative images of others of obviously different culture and ethnicity. After discussing my experience of this inter-cultural communication, I have found that many Australians reacted badly towards me, as I am from other cultural backdrop. All the Australians were talking among this regarding this September attack and they showed no interest in discussion with me (Sharifian and Jamarani 2013). On the other hand, some other Australians talked with me and were interested enough to discuss the political situation in Africa. Therefore, I can conclude that being an African, in Australia, I had a mixed experience of intercultural communication. References Asante, M.K., Miike, Y. and Yin, J., 2013.The global intercultural communication reader. Routledge. Buhrig, K., House, J. and ten Thije, J., 2014.Translational action and intercultural communication. Routledge. Carbaugh, D., 2013.Cultural communication and intercultural contact. Routledge. Casmir, F.L., 2013.Ethics in intercultural and international communication. Routledge. Martin, J.N. and Nakayama, T.K., 2013.Experiencing intercultural communication. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Mindess, A., 2014.Reading between the signs: Intercultural communication for sign language interpreters. Nicholas Brealey Publishing. Neuliep, J.W., 2014.Intercultural communication: A contextual approach. Sage Publications. Samovar, L.A., Porter, R.E., McDaniel, E.R. and Roy, C.S., 2014.Intercultural communication: A reader. Cengage Learning. Sharifian, F. and Jamarani, M. eds., 2013.Language and intercultural communication in the new era. Routledge. Shuter, R., 2012. Intercultural new media studies: The next frontier in intercultural communication.Journal of Intercultural Communication Research,41(3), pp.219-237.

Whenever Culture Has Ever Been Defeated Essay Example

Whenever Culture Has Ever Been Defeated Essay The drama A Streetcar Named Desire by Tennessee Williams was written and staged in 1947. Since then it has received a high popularity with the public not only in the USA but all over the world.Almost all the critics agree on the wide range of conflicts being present in the play. The researchers from different critical schools find them on topical, character, stylistic and symbolical layers. The key players in the explicit conflict shown in A Streetcar are Blanche DuBois and her brother-in-law Stanley Kowalski. Against the backstage of intensely complex and diverse culture of New Orleans they perform scenes of mortal combat. In the end of the play both of them are put on the brink of collapse. The critics say that Stanley having abused his power in regard to Blanche symbolizes the victory of primitivism over high culture, of realism over romanticism and of urban Yankees over rural southerners.   However, the essence of the conflicts in A Streetcar is far more complex.Throughout the scenes of the play an observer is free to compose his or her own understanding of the conflicts happening. Though Blanche is assaulted as the representative of the Southern refined culture, though she is abandoned in her feelings and values and is taken into mental asylum in the end of the drama, this living symbol of noble culture is not defeated by her counterpart Stanley. The theses are proved by various pieces of critique in different periods as well as by the deep analysis of the play itself.In the introductory scenes of A Streetcar the author depicts Blanche as being â€Å"incongruous to this setting† (Williams 5). The critics interpret the stage remark as the clue to Blanche representing an environment that is more refined than the cheap setting of Elysian Fields. What does it mean to be â€Å"incongruous†? The author clearly emphasizes that the heroine is incompatible; inconsistent, dissociable in regard to the surroundings not just in terms of geographical loc alization or appearance. Gradually a reader of the play script (or a spectator of the classical variant of the play) learns what incongruity means in the DuBois’ case.Having come from the fortress of the Old Good South, the Belle Reve, having escaped from the shameful settings of Laurel to Elysian Fields, the main female character is conceptualized at first as being really unprepared for dirty staircases, rough neighbors, shambling houses and the scenes of street disorder at the Kowalskis. She is not prepared to see her sister to be a plain housewife and her brother-in law to be dressed in a bowling jacket. Tischler defines Blanche DuBois (who is impeccably dressed and has distinguished looks) as â€Å"a Southern belle† (42) and it seems to be true. Yet why is Stanley (who is dressed casually and looks plainly) defined as â€Å"the clear victor† (ibid.) then?Williams describes Blanche as a woman whose â€Å"delicate beauty† â€Å"must avoid a strong ligh t† (Williams 5). She is undoubtedly a product of the old-fashioned and traditional South with women sitting on the shady verandas or in the cool living-rooms accepting flirtous, easy-going and amiable relatives and friends. She behaves like a heiress of an exuberant and rich household waiting for a true lover to come and take her with all her beautiful body, refined soul and possessions. However, this myth of â€Å"a Southern belle† tends to be ruined in the sequence of scenes.First, the Belle Reve, a beautiful dream of the rural South, comes to a decline. Second, amiable and multiple relatives disappear. Whereas Blanche stays the same beautiful dreamer, the beautiful world around her ceases to exist. Her sister’s place appears to be a pitiful and hostile place. Her refined manners are said to be a mask too loose to fit. Her brother-in-law happens to be a brutal beast spying and tracing her like a game, denigrating her human and female value, devoiding her of the only candidate to make a match, etc. Yet she is hoping for some chimeras. Meanwhile, Stanley is not dreaming but forces Blanche to leave his house and life.Frankly speaking, the essence of the play’s conflicts is not of the family conflicts between close relatives. To understand it more clearly, the characters need to be characterized. As a French descent, a southern belle, Blanche is extremely choosy concerning social background of her own and of men to socialize with. She despises Stanley for being Polish and mockingly asks him if the Poles are â€Å"something like Irish, arent they?† (Williams 16). In the southern snobbish consciousness people from other places besides the South itself are intruders and barbarians. Brustein pointed that â€Å"[a]s a social or cultural figure, Stanley is a villain, in mindless opposition to civilization and culture – the ‘new man’ of the modern world whom Williams seems to find responsible for the present-day de cline in art, language, decorum, and culture† (9).It is true that Kowalski prefers bowling and poker to noble hunt or horse rides. It is true that he does not speak French, the language of the nobles. It is true that he throws bloody piece of meat for his wife to cook instead of inviting her for a walk in the magnificent alley of the ancestral manor. However, Stanley is far from being just a villain or a Neanderthal as Blanche puts it. Brustein proceeds that â€Å"[a]s a psychological or sexual figure, however, Stanley exists on a somewhat more heroic moral plane† (9).Stanley is at all times an active character, one who manipulates each situation in which he appears. Rather than expressing dissatisfaction with the grubby conditions in which he lives, he exults in them, and he does not indicate any desire to better himself. More important, Stanley, as brute force incarnate, has no poetry or sensitivity or nobility in him [†¦]. His intelligence is mostly animal cunni ng and his power of speech limited to expressing basic desires. (Brustein 10)The emphasis in depicting this character is vividly made on his active and exuberant sexuality. Neither Stella nor Blanche can avoid this animal charisma. Some may say that Stanley is too primitive as a person: his dominant motives are â€Å"a sense of ownership† and â€Å"ecstatic sexuality† (Tischler 42). But he is shrewd enough to notice that Blanche steps out as his antagonist, He senses â€Å"condescension in her tone toward him [that] signals a challenge to his authority† (Tischler 42). He understands that she is â€Å"the snake in his garden† (Tischler 42).To continue, despite his sexuality and brutality, Stanley is able to display affection towards his wife and a baby. If he is â€Å"an ignoble rather than a noble savage† (Brustein 10), then, he behaves in a strange manner pleading his wife to stay with him. As Tischler notices, he possesses â€Å"a rough charm, b road comedy, delight in battle, primitive protectiveness of his home – the qualities most frequently admired in the all-American male† (47). Stanley says about himself: â€Å"I am not a Polack. People from Poland are Poles, not Polacks. But what I am is a one hundred per cent American, born and raised in the greatest country on earth and proud as hell of it, so dont ever call me a Polack† (Williams 134).Kowalski is not a plain barbarian but a rather complex personage, though, with rigid cultural, moral and intellectual frames. Kernan assumes that â€Å"[i]n his code, women are divided into two categories, sluts and virgins. Only virgins are allowed to marry his buddies; sluts must be exploited and exposed† (17). He finds evidence of Blanche being a slut and does not pause to treat her accordingly. Blanche, however, is not a plain slut.Strikingly, Kolin agrees with Henry I. Schvey in the assumption that â€Å"Williams was thinking of attributes traditional ly identified with the Virgin in Renaissance art† (82). Blanche is â€Å"a tragic heroine† (ibid.) partly because of the impossibility to stick to this image of purity and suffer. She is obsessed with lust and is able to welcome equally the soldiers from a military camp in Laurel, a newspaper courier, and Stanley’s friend who is far from being her ideal man.Brustein analyzes the conflict between Blanche and Stanley as the one with sexual underlying:The conflict between Blanche and Stanley allegorizes the struggle between effeminate culture and masculine libido. It is no accident that Stanley, in the climax of the play, subdues Blanche by a brutal sexual assault. (9)If Blanche is obsessed with lust so much (the same researcher stated that â€Å"Blanche is a nymphomaniac,† Brustein 9), why does she reject Stanley then? Why is their sexual encounter a rape? What man does Blanche seek for?The poet Allan Grey whom she has fallen in love with for his masterfully written letters turns out to be a pervert. Her ideal of manhood, a â€Å"beautiful and talented young man† is â€Å"a degenerate† (Williams 124). In a while she meets a high-school student of hers in Laurel who also bears the same sign of distinction from the others as Grey: â€Å"There was something different about the boy, a nervousness, a softness which wasnt like a mans although he wasnt the least bit effeminate-looking – still – that thing was there† (Williams 114). If she seeks for sensitivity in a man, she makes the wrong choice because in the end of sensitive relationships she is collapsed physically and mentally. If she seeks for plain and exuberant sex, she is collapsed again psychologically and in terms of her reputation in the end of each affair.Blanche is portrayed as â€Å"a frantic, trapped woman, still proud, still determined to survive. Because she assumes that she must pretend to be the innocent romantic in order to attract men, she hides her past, her age, and her sexual appetites† (Tischler 46). This inner and implicit conflict of Blanche adds complexity to the intrigue of the play. One may find it strange that Stanley’s sexual appeal is found â€Å"though violent, [†¦] unmental, unspiritual, and, therefore, in some way free from taint† (Brustein 9), and Blanche with her sexual appeal is called a nymphomaniac. Her sin and perversity may derive themselves from the sources other than sex.Additionally to being tainted with corrupted sexual lust, Blanche does not suit the everyday environment in regard to her habits and manners. Why does Stanley’s informer who used to know Blanche in Laurel refers to a woman of manners, good social background and high education as to â€Å"not just different but downright loco – nuts† (Williams 121)?   Why does she ironically remark: â€Å"True? Yes, I suppose – unfit somehow . . .† (Williams 146-7)? Does the argu ment cover just the matters of sex and prostitution? Hardly is it so. On the point Tischler assumes:She has to prove she is a lady of breeding and elegance, forcing herself to perform rituals out of keeping with her new context. When her commitment to class distinction requires that she demand respect due a lady rather than accepting tacit recognition by those she meets, she quickly becomes a grotesque parody of a forgotten age. (49)According to Brustein, the conflict between Blanche and Stanley comes from the distinctions in their cultural backgrounds: â€Å"culture and tradition are desirable, but breed effeteness and perversity [†¦] and make one an easy prey to the unenlightened† (9). The enlightenment for Blanche is her reminiscences of better times and better places. Tischler calls these Blanche’s pattern of socializing to consist of â€Å"empty gestures of an anachronistic cultural context† (48).Blanches heritage of landed aristocracy is dying of its own vices. In the urban setting of the New South, class is determined by power and wealth. Stanley will triumph because he has the will to succeed, as Stella understands. He is a type of crude new immigrant, who has no taste for the heritage of the Old South. (ibid.)Thus, one more point of confrontation of Blanche and Stanley between sex is the cultural one. The opposition of â€Å"the rich cultural traditions of the Southern heritage† and â€Å"the crude, but vital, modern setting† (Tischler 50) drives the play towards its climax, the total collapse of the cultural embodiment or living signifier, Blanche.One, though, may say that the opposition is not structured exclusively between cultural and non-cultural concepts. Kernan suggests the presence of realism and romanticism opposition. The researcher states that William’s model of realism and symbolism in A Streetcar is more complicated than in the earlier playwrights.[†¦] there is a â€Å"real† world outside and inside each of us which is actively hostile to any belief in the goodness of man and the validity of moral values. His realism gives expression to this aspect of the world, and A Streetcar Named Desire is his clearest treatment of the human dilemma which entails the dramatic dilemma. We are presented in Streetcar with two polar ways of looking at experience: the realistic view of Stanley Kowalski and the non-realistic view of his sister-in-law, Blanche DuBois. Williams brings the two views into conflict immediately. (17)Whatever conceptualization is made of the conflict between the main personages of the play, the coda of the drama erases the distinctions between the participants as the right and the wrong side. Stanley wants to prove his masculinity on behalf of Blanche and enjoys triumph. Blanche wants to oppose the seductive sexual power of her brother-in-law and fails. It puts her on the brink of self-denigration. Stanley in his opposition to Blanche pursues the goa ls of territorial protection derived from â€Å"the very human hunger for a secure home† (Tischler 48). Blanche after all shifts the category of home onto Stanley: â€Å"maybe (Stanley)s what we need to mix with our blood now that weve lost Belle Reve and have to go on without Belle Reve to protect us† (Williams 45), she says to Stella. Blanche after all wants to ruin Stanley’s world to assert the one of her own.In the very end, Stanley is left with his wife and a new-born baby being exhibited altogether to vague family and social perspectives. Blanche is ushered to a mental asylum. Stanley seems to be the winner and Blanche seems to be a loser. However, the defeated and raped side appears to celebrate victory in the end.Tischler states Blanche’s â€Å"moral victory in the face of a physical defeat† (44). DuBois’ lover dreamed about turns into a psychiatrist but she never cares. She is free and beautiful again at her best with violets on her bosom and a doctor on the arm. After all it does not matter whether Stanley would feel regret after Blanche; or whether Blanche would recover mentally. What matters is that different cultural backgrounds have proved the urgency to exist in different modes. Instead of justifying urban and rural, or realistic and symbolic mode of behaviour, one may turn to think about truth as beauty as Tischler proposes.Although we are determined to understand the real world, to look clearly at life, we also have a perennial hunger for romance, which relies on exaggeration and imagination. We want human relations to be more than sexual need, we want human life to be something more than animal existence. (Tischler 51)One cannot say that culture is defeated in Blanche’s representation. Instead one thinks about finding new goals in life full of peril and aggression.The need today is not for a hero who seems to be a rebel while really conforming to an established pattern, but for a hero who, with out rejecting language, tradition, education, and art – without finding consolation in the impulsive anarchy of Stanley Kowalski – can express the nonconformism which stems from a long, hard, individualistic look at the world. (Brustein 16)Evaluating A Streetcar by Williams a contemporary reader and viewer defines the conflict between the main personages of the drama as extending its complexity far beyond the sexual underpinning. The opposition of home and alien space, simple and complex system of values and judgements, realism and symbolization, and, finally, of culture and simple instincts makes the play still luring and suggestive for modern audience. Blanche serves an embodiment of culture with all its difficult and perilous consequences such as perversity, frustration, disillusionment and aggression. The same aggression yet grown from other motives and settings is seen in the type of modern urban hero which is represented by Stanley. Despite the physical and menta l breakdown, Blanche is far from being defeated. She teaches everybody a moral lesson of keeping the cultural treasury of poetry, magic, nobility and exuberant palette of motives and values. Culture is not defeated by simpletons. It adjusts itself to reality in this form of other. This lesson seems to be one of the gifts Williams continues to grant audience with through his creative ancestry.

Understanding the Nazi Idea of Volksgemeinschaft

Understanding the Nazi Idea of Volksgemeinschaft The Volksgemeinschaft was a central element in Nazi thinking, although it has proved difficult for historians to determine whether this was an ideology or just a nebulous concept built from propaganda displays. Essentially the Volksgemeinschaft was a new German society which rejected old religions, ideologies, and class divisions, instead forming a united German identity based around ideas of race, struggle, and state leadership. The Racist State The aim was the creation of the Volk, a nation or people made up of the most superior of the human races. This concept was derived from a simplistic corruption of Darwinian and relied on Social Darwinism, the idea that humanity was composed of different races, and these competed with one another for dominance: only the best race would lead after a survival of the fittest. Naturally the Nazis thought they were the Herrenvolk- Master Race- and they considered themselves to be pure Aryans; every other race was inferior, with some like Slavs, Romany, and Jews at the bottom of the ladder, and while the Aryans had to be kept pure, the bottom could be exploited, hated and eventually liquidated. The Volksgemeinschaft was thus inherently racist and contributed greatly to the Nazi’s attempts at mass extermination. The Nazi State The Volksgemeinschaft didn’t just exclude different races, as competing ideologies were also rejected. The Volk was to be a one party state where the leader- currently Hitler- was accorded unquestioning obedience from his citizens, who handed over their freedoms in exchange for- in theory- their part in a smoothly functioning machine. ‘Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Fuhrer’: one people, one empire, one leader. Rival ideas like democracy, liberalism or- especially repugnant to the Nazis- communism was rejected, and many of their leaders arrested and imprisoned. Christianity, despite being promised protection from Hitler, also had no place in the Volk, as it was a rival to the central state and a successful Nazi government would have brought it to an end. Blood and Soil Once the Volksgemeinschaft had pure members of its master race, it needed things for them to do, and the solution was to be found in an idealistic interpretation of German history. Everyone in the Volk was to work together for the common good but to do it in accordance with mythical German values which portrayed the classic noble German as a land working peasant giving the state their blood and their toil. Blut und Boden, Blood and Soil, was a classic summary of this view. Obviously, the Volk had a large urban population, with many industrial workers, but their tasks were compared to and portrayed as part of this grand tradition. Of course traditional German values went hand in hand with the subjugation of women’s interests, widely restricting them to being mothers. The Volksgemeinschaft was never written about or explained in the same way as rival ideas like communism, and may simply have been a highly successful propaganda tool rather than anything the Nazi leaders genuinely believed in. Equally, members of German society did, in places, show a commitment to the creation of the Volk. Consequently, we arent really sure to what extent the Volk was a practical reality rather than a theory, but Volksgemeinschaft does show quite clearly that Hitler wasnt a socialist or a communist, and instead pushed a race-based ideology. To what extent would it have been enacted if the Nazi state had been successful? The removal of races the Nazis considered lesser had begun, as had the march into living space to be turned into the pastoral ideal. Its possible it would have been put entirely in place, but would almost certainly have varied by region as the power games of the Nazi leaders reached a head.

The Optimal Kitchen Countertop Height

The Optimal Kitchen Countertop Height Like other common installation standards, it is not building codes that set the height of kitchen countertops, but rather a set of common and established design standards set by the industry over a long period. These design standards are established by studies determining the most comfortable and practical dimensions for average residents for all the various elements of home construction. Most of the industry follows these standards, meaning that stock cabinets, countertops, windows, doors, and other elements will follow the dimensions set forth by these standards.   Kitchen Countertop Standards For countertops, the established standard is for the top of the countertop to fall about 36 inches above the floor. So widely accepted is this standard is that base cabinet manufacturers  build all their cabinets to a height of 34 1/2 inches, assuming the countertop thickness will be 1 1/2 inches.   This has been shown to be the best ergonomic height for a kitchen countertop. It may not be the best for a specific task, but it is the best overall compromise for the majority of tasks done in the kitchen for a user of average height. For most people, a kitchen countertop height of 3 feet provides a comfortable workstation. Be aware, though, that these design standards are aimed at making things comfortable for average people, who are 5 feet 3 inches to 5 feet 8 inches in height. If you are much shorter or much taller, the design standards might not be ideal for you.  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹ Varying Countertop Height   As with any feature of your home, countertop height can be varied to meet your situation. A family of 6-footers may find 36 inches so low that they have to stoop uncomfortably while preparing food, while a family with members less than 5 feet in height might also find the standard countertop height to be uncomfortable. It can be difficult and expensive to make these alterations, though, since stock base cabinets will need to be altered, or custom cabinets will need to be built from scratch, in order to change the countertop heights. Moreover, you should be careful about dramatic variations to construction standards, as the potential future buyers of your home may not appreciate them.  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹ Countertops for Those With Disabilities Users with physical disabilities, such as those confined to wheelchairs, may find both stock base cabinets and countertop height standards to be impractical. In kitchens designed for accessibility, at least some portion of the base cabinets is left open so that users can roll wheelchairs beneath the countertop while preparing food. The countertops themselves are often lowered to a height of 28 to 34 inches or even lower. If only a section of countertop is customized for wheelchair users, make sure the open space is at least 36 inches wide.   While these custom changes may, of course, have an impact on the future sale of the house, they are a small price to pay to make a home convenient and comfortable for disabled residents. In todays marketplace, you may even find that an accessible kitchen is actually a desirable selling point to future buyers.

Single-Slit Diffraction and Interference Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Single-Slit Diffraction and Interference - Essay Example Diffraction causes the phenomenon of Interference, which is defined as the diffraction pattern produced on a screen on the other side of the obstacle from the light source. Thus, when monochromatic light passes through a single slit, it flares out, producing a single-slit interference or diffraction pattern on the screen. The diffraction pattern has a bright central region, which is surrounded by symmetrically distributed less intense regions. These bright bands are the ‘maxima’ or areas of constructive interference, interspersed by the ‘minima’ or dark regions of destructive interference. Thesis Statement: This paper will describe single-slit diffraction and interference. Single-Slit Diffraction and Interference A plane wave of light travels in a straight line; so when such a wave passes through a rectangular slit, one may expect it to fall on a distant screen in the form of a bright rectangle with sharp edges. However, the process of diffraction of light t hrough the single-slit causes the interference or diffraction pattern formed on the screen to have blurred edges with faint lines of bright and dark, where some light has spread into the shadow. The light wave spreading out from the slit is actually the interference effect termed as diffraction. As a result of diffraction, the light’s intensity is not uniform on the screen, and it extends into the shadow where it appears as secondary maxima. Between bright places in the shadow there are dark places termed intensity minima, where there is no light. According to Holbrow, Lloyd, Amato et al (2010), this is to be expected, taking a single slit of finite width b as two slits of width b/2 with no separation between them. â€Å"There might be interference between the light wavefronts coming from these two different halves of the slit† (Holbrow et al 2010, p.313). By considering the slit of width b to be composed of narrower slits, the occurrence of the intensity minima of the Interference or diffraction pattern can be calculated. Serway and Vuille (2006) reiterate that slits cannot be assumed to have negligible widths acting as line sources of light. On the other hand, their non-zero widths form the basis for understanding the nature of the Fraunhofer Diffraction Pattern produced by a single slit. Further, â€Å"according to Huygens’ principle, each portion of the slit acts as a source of waves† (Serway & Vuille 2006, p.638). A single slit diffraction pattern is formed when light passes through a single slit whose width w is on the order of the wavelength of the light. Huygen’s principle states that each part of the slit can be considered as an emitter of waves. â€Å"All these waves interfere to produce the diffraction pattern† (Physics, 2012). In the diagram (Fig.1) below is seen a slit of width w, through which light is passing through. Fig.1. Single-Split Diffraction and Interference: Direction of the Light Wave (Physics, 2012) Destructive interference may occur between the ray at the top edge (ray 1) and the middle ray (ray 5). If so, the same occurs between rays 2 and 6, between 3 and 7, and b between 4 and 8. Thus, light from one-half of the single slit interferes destructively and cancels out light from the other half. â€Å"Ray 1 and ray 5 are half a wavelength out of phase if ray 5 must travel one-half wavelength further than ray 1† (Physics, 2012). Fig.2. Single-Split Diffraction: Gradations in Light Intensity and Dark Areas (Physics,

Fidel Castro Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Fidel Castro - Essay Example Castro chose law as his field and entered the University of Havana for his degree in law. It was in this university that he became involved in politics. In 1947 he entered the group of Eduardo Chibas known as Partido Ortodoxo which was involved in the process of explaining the corruption that was prevalent in Cuba and it stress upon developing independence in Cuba from foreign intervention in the issues of the country particularly the involvement of the United States. Though Chibas was not successful in his mission and he shot himself because of his failure to win elections, Castro was inspired by him and worked on his principles. Castro got married in 1948 to Mirta Diaz Balart who belonged to a very rich family. Though, he received an exposure to the elite and political figures through this marriage but it did not prove to be a successful marriage and he separated from his wife in 1955. Castro completed his education in 1950 and started practicing law and at the same time became politically active. He had very high hopes of achievement in the upcoming elections and expected himself to be elected in the parliament in 1952. But events took a different turn when General Fulgencio Batista formed a coup against Carlos Prà ­o Socarrà ¡s who was the then ruling president and took over and suspended the upcoming elections. Batista was very influential. He legalized his actions with the United States with the help of his sources and started dictating the land of Cuba. Castro stopped his law practice and directed himself entirely towards politics. Fidel Castro and other members of the Partido Ortodoxo party who were looking forward to elections were disappointed with this action. This group revolted against the government by attacking Moncada Barracks on July 26 1953 but they were unsuccessful. Most of them were killed and Fidel Castro and his brother Raul Castro were given sentences of 15 years of imprisonment. Castro was released two years later only. Castro was

Employee Training and Career Development Essay Example for Free

Employee Training and Career Development Essay There are many elements within an organization that can ensure its success, two of which are the training and the development of its employees. Training and developing employees effectively would provide all employees at all levels the tools and information they will need to perform their jobs successfully within the company. Implementing effective employee development methods can be a benefit and can ensure that changes in the daily routine are accomplished. Programs can be made available to meet the needs of the company with the involvement of the human resources department. These programs are very important for the development and training of the career minded employee. Role of Training in an Organizations Development DeCenzo and Robbins (2007) indicate that employee training is the present-oriented training that focuses on an individuals current jobs.  This indicates that developing employees knowledge and skill set is a key factor in assisting employees in performing their job functions more effectively. While organizational development is contingent on how employees will perform in their daily job functions, employee training offers the opportunity to further develop the employees attitude, skill set, knowledge, and reactions to possible stressors. When workers become open to new training techniques and become more experienced in performing new job requirements the company benefits along with the employee. Employee training aids in more viable production, and even though employee training can cost an organization financially the long-term effects of properly training its employee is more valuable to the organization than the overall cost it incurs. The company can further the development of its employees by providing additional training which puts value in the employees personal stock, increases the talent pool and increases the duties the employee can perform. Employee Development Methods and Benefits According to DeCenzo and Robbins (2007) career-oriented training assists companies by focusing on an employees personal growth. These types of methods consist of assistant-to positions, job rotation, committee assignment, and off- the-job development. The assistant-to positions method assists an employee who is seeking a management position. The method involves providing the employee with the opportunity of working side-by-side with experienced managers. Working as an assistant to a manager provides much needed experience in various activities and the opportunity to perform duties at a higher caliber. Employee development by implementing the job rotation method assists in cross-training employees in various positions within the company. This method offers employees an opportunity to sharpen skills in various positions. Job rotation consists of two forms of rotations; one form is referred to as the vertical rotation which consists of promoting an employee to a new position. The second form is called the horizontal rotation which provides employees an opportunity to perform duties in various positions  within the companys daily operations. Job rotations can be extremely beneficial because they can increase an employees skill set within the company, allowing them to have hands on knowledge of the daily operations of many job positions (DeCenzo Robbins, 2007). Committee assignments are another method of employee development. Committee assignments benefit both the company and employees as it permits an employee to develop his or her skill set by watching other employee, it aids in the investigation of organizational issues, and assists in the organizational decision making process (DeCenzo Robbins, 2007). The committee assignment can also help in develop employees skills. Assigning employees to permanent committee assignments can assist the company in the decision-making processes as well as researching long-term goals. The off-the-job method of employee development consists of simulation exercises, seminars, lecture courses, and outdoor training that the employee would be involved in. Simulations are beneficial because they provide each employee the opportunity to be involved in a realistic work experience by completing certain work-related exercises. These exercises consist of role playing, case studies and games based on decision making (DeCenzo Robbins, 2007). Simulations are beneficial because they can prepare employees with possible ways to handle stressful situations in the workplace with co-workers and in customer service situations. Seminars, lecture courses, and outdoor training are other kinds of employee development. Seminars and lectures benefit a company by helping employees develop and acknowledge the analytical and conceptual abilities they have concerning the employees profession. There are various methods of putting on lectures and seminars. These methods are via distance learning and a less cost-efficient method of using the Internet. Outdoor training is beneficial to an organization as it teaches employees team building skills. An employee performing several physical challenges in the wilderness is what the outdoor training entails. Performing these physical challenges helps organizations understand how they will respond under pressure, and how they work as a team. These challenges empower employees to work together as a team and it  encourages employees to build relationships by accomplishing these stressful challenges within a group setting. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EMPLOYEE AND ORGANIZATIONAL DEVELOPMENT To allow companies to focus on making improvements, management must focus on the importance of developing a relationship between the employee and organizational development. According to DeCenzo Robbins, Organizational development consists of addressing changes within the organization. (2007). Organizational and employee development is important when implementing new processes and procedures within a company. To perform new processes, management will need to train department employees on new production methods and the procedures and skill sets to perform these new processes. To accomplish these processes the company and employees will have to adjust to operational changes. Human resources management will first need to identify these changes and create training programs to improve the employees skills on the new processes. Human Resources Managements Role in Career Development Human resources managements role in career development has increased of late. To assist employees in achieving their career goals, human resources management strives to provide employees with the tools needed to accomplish these goals. The current career development programs of the Human resources management department help HRM give employees the self-confidence to further their education. This is done by communicating the plans and goals, tuition reimbursement, growth opportunities, and scheduling educational classes. Developing employees careers is extremely beneficial to the company. Developing an employees career helps to retain and promote highly talented employees within the company along with assisting women and other minorities by giving them the opportunities to grow within the organization. It will also help to create cultural diversity in the workplace while improving the quality and performance of the employees work skills. (DeCenzo Robbins, 2007). Creating and implementing a career development plan will help human resources management deliver the organizations main goals in attracting,  retaining, and promoting employees within the company. PERSONAL CAREER DEVELOPMENT REFLECTION My personal career development involves successfully completing my education by earning my degree in Business Management focusing on Human Resources Management. I have a great career currently with a company that supports my desire to earn a degree and has encouraged my efforts and has promoted me as I have progressed in my knowledge and abilities. I see my career in five years with this same organization, which offers me the ability to continue with my education and also continually offers career oriented training through my employer. My employer has promoted me as I have advanced in my educational efforts, and encourages all of its employees to further their education. They provide great benefits and a 401(k) along with profit sharing, so this is a company that I plan to utilize my degree with. My companys career developments opportunities will be sufficient because I currently monitor the Human Resource needs in our office and as our office grows, my duties will continue to grow, and as my knowledge expands, I will be more valuable to my company. My company believes in investing in its employees, offering seminars, online training programs, and promoting from within. My company is constantly offering trainings to keep all employees up to date on our job functions, and invests in updating software and computers to ensure we have the tools to do our jobs. The company that I work for has proven that it is committed to developing and promoting talented and career minded employees. I believe that when a company offers employees the opportunity to advance and that company invests in its employees, the employees have a duty to give their all to the company. CONCLUSION The human resources managements role to career development and employee involves many steps. These steps consist of many beneficial methods of training employees while helping develop their career. The growing relationship between employees and organizational development involves educating employees on changes in the organizational process. Human  resources managements role in career development is providing employees with the tools to successfully reach their goals and career achievements and to develop additional skill sets and gain more knowledge to become a well-rounded and more seasoned employee who can function in any job within the company. Resources DeCenzo, D.A., Robbins, S.P. (2007). Fundamentals of Human Resource Management (9th ed.) . Retrieved from https://portal.phoenix.edu/classroom/coursematerials/hrm_300/20110322/

Pearl Harbor Essay -- Discrimination Japanese Japan Essays

Pearl Harbor During the early 1940’s, World War II was upon the United States of America. After the attack on Pearl Harbor, the U.S. was ready to go to war with The Empire of Japan. During this time, many U.S. citizens grew great hatred toward anyone of Japanese ancestry. People began to become paranoid and treated any Japanese person with great disrespect. All of this started with the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. After the attack, many Japanese people were sent to concentration camps. Many of them were either put in jail because of their race, or just because they refused to go to the concentration camps. This also happened in David Guterson’s fiction book, Snow Falling on Cedars. After the attack on Pearl Harbor, Japanese citizens were looked upon as traders, taken to concentration camps, and many were accused of crimes that they did not commit. Pearl Harbor is on the island of O’ahu in Hawaii. At approximately 8:00 A.M., on December 7, 1941, the Empire of Japan attacked the United States of America. Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto orchestrated this surprise attack. Three hundred and fifty-three Japanese aircraft attacked Pearl Harbor, led by Commander Mitsuo Fuchida. (Pearl Harbor Remembered) Before this, no formal declaration of war had been announced. Nearly 100 U.S. ships were in the harbor the morning of the attack consisting of battleships, destroyers, cruisers, and other support ships. (Pearl Harbor Remembered) Fortunately, over half the U.S. Pacific fleet was out to sea. During the same time, the Japanese also attacked Hickam Field. Eighteen Army Aircraft were destroyed or damaged as they set on the runways. (Pearl Harbor Remembered) These aircraft included bombers, fighter planes, and attack bo... ...es and make fun of them since the US was at war with Japan. Many people were also paranoid of the Japanese and accused them of being spies and even forced them to live in concentration camps. Finally, some Japanese citizens were even accused of crimes only because of their Japanese ancestry. Work Cited Guterson, David. Snow Falling on Cedars. New York: Harcourt Brace & Company,1994. Michalowski, Mark. "Concentration Camps." Online posting. May 1997. America's Concentration Camps. 4/17/01. <http://www.ionaprep.pvt.k12.ny.us/projects/intrnmnt/intrnmnt.htm>. Unknown. "Landmark Race." Online posting. 1944. Korematsu v. US. 4/17/01. <http://lawbooksusa.com/cconlaw/korematsuvus.htm Unknown. "Pearl Harbor." Online posting. March 30, 2001. Pearl Harbor: Remembered. 4/17/01. <http://www.execpc.com/~dschaaf/overview.html>. Pearl Harbor Essay -- Discrimination Japanese Japan Essays Pearl Harbor During the early 1940’s, World War II was upon the United States of America. After the attack on Pearl Harbor, the U.S. was ready to go to war with The Empire of Japan. During this time, many U.S. citizens grew great hatred toward anyone of Japanese ancestry. People began to become paranoid and treated any Japanese person with great disrespect. All of this started with the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. After the attack, many Japanese people were sent to concentration camps. Many of them were either put in jail because of their race, or just because they refused to go to the concentration camps. This also happened in David Guterson’s fiction book, Snow Falling on Cedars. After the attack on Pearl Harbor, Japanese citizens were looked upon as traders, taken to concentration camps, and many were accused of crimes that they did not commit. Pearl Harbor is on the island of O’ahu in Hawaii. At approximately 8:00 A.M., on December 7, 1941, the Empire of Japan attacked the United States of America. Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto orchestrated this surprise attack. Three hundred and fifty-three Japanese aircraft attacked Pearl Harbor, led by Commander Mitsuo Fuchida. (Pearl Harbor Remembered) Before this, no formal declaration of war had been announced. Nearly 100 U.S. ships were in the harbor the morning of the attack consisting of battleships, destroyers, cruisers, and other support ships. (Pearl Harbor Remembered) Fortunately, over half the U.S. Pacific fleet was out to sea. During the same time, the Japanese also attacked Hickam Field. Eighteen Army Aircraft were destroyed or damaged as they set on the runways. (Pearl Harbor Remembered) These aircraft included bombers, fighter planes, and attack bo... ...es and make fun of them since the US was at war with Japan. Many people were also paranoid of the Japanese and accused them of being spies and even forced them to live in concentration camps. Finally, some Japanese citizens were even accused of crimes only because of their Japanese ancestry. Work Cited Guterson, David. Snow Falling on Cedars. New York: Harcourt Brace & Company,1994. Michalowski, Mark. "Concentration Camps." Online posting. May 1997. America's Concentration Camps. 4/17/01. <http://www.ionaprep.pvt.k12.ny.us/projects/intrnmnt/intrnmnt.htm>. Unknown. "Landmark Race." Online posting. 1944. Korematsu v. US. 4/17/01. <http://lawbooksusa.com/cconlaw/korematsuvus.htm Unknown. "Pearl Harbor." Online posting. March 30, 2001. Pearl Harbor: Remembered. 4/17/01. <http://www.execpc.com/~dschaaf/overview.html>.

Buildings and as we know trees had Essay

Deforestation is the process of clearing the forest by cutting down the trees for fulfilling different demands. Forest has a vital role in meeting people’s needs. Therefore people usually cut down the trees of the forest without having proper knowledge. Indeed, exploit of land really lend a big helping to grow in economic. For example, exploit of land is for wider develop range, the lands is use to build households, buildings and as we know trees had a very high demand all across the world so by selling the trees the process of developing in country will surely speed up not only the economic but in entire ability. On the other hand, exploit of lands also bring more jobs opportunities, as the buildings increased they had no choice to employ more worker. Although, these activities really did enhance our standard of living however, improper use of the resources leading side effects. see more:trees are our best friends essay in english pdf Deforestation has not always been a major problem, but since the early 1900’s it has become more and more of an issue. The percentage of rain-forest is declining since deforestation began. For example, nearly 70% of the area in Brazilian Amazon has been deforested (Butler, 2011). The direct causes of deforestation are agricultural expansion, wood extraction (e.g., logging or wood harvest for domestic fuel or charcoal), and infrastructure expansion such as road building and urbanization, from this the disadvantages of deforestation can basically divide into 3 major effects which are climate change, decrease biodiversity through the destruction of habitat and natural disasters. 1st Counter argue The lands that been exploit can provide the materials for various industries. One of the easiest benefits of deforestation to spot is the economic ones. Lumber products are one of the most staple constructive materials in human society. Whether it is raw lumber used for making tables and houses, or paper and other wood by-products, we simply cannot live without the use of lumber. Through this process country will have more products to sell to foreign countries as well as local too. Forests are also cleared in order to accommodate expanding urban areas with the world’s population growing by leaps and bounds, there is growing demand for land use for residential, agricultural and commercial purposes. Golf courses, resorts, housing projects, farms etc. have replaced some of the areas where there used to be forests (Jones, 2011), with this it can attract more foreign investor and tourisms to invest and expand in our country which is a decent way to boosting the economic. 2rd counte r Another advantage of deforestation is its can create more jobs opportunity. The exploiting of lands mostly for commercial purpose which means increasing of transaction will also increase the demand of the workers. This is another benefit of deforestation; it opens more job opportunities for people who would otherwise be unemployed. These job opportunities are more than simply a humanitarian concept; society at large would suffer if all of the people working in the wood industry were to suddenly find them jobless. This benefit of deforestation not only covers the people who cut down trees and process them, but also extends to the people who â€Å"clean up† after them. For every patch of forest cut down, arable land becomes available for farmers, or can be used as an area to place urban living sites like apartments, houses, and buildings. The number of people employed by such a construction project is many and varied. Or, if the city/government mandates replanting trees to repla ce the lost ones, then jobs are also provided for those people who do the seeding after a patch of forest is stripped (Fiset, 2007). Transition Notwithstanding deforestation is effectively increase the economics of the country, however the unreasonable deforest bring many series side effect to human. Deforestation affects many things, it has ecological, environmental, atmospheric and hydrosphere impacts. When the soil is disturbed by deforestation natural carbon storage systems can be disturbed releasing large amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere in one go. In areas like the small developing island nations in the Pacific it can be disastrous as many endemic plant and animal species live here, and when land is deforested it disturbs soil causing landslides and disruption to the ecosystem. It also means species are confined to smaller habitats and usually move to higher more dangerous altitudes, some species cannot survive in these conditions and become endangered. It is also harmful to humans as the soil becomes too saturated due to less infiltration from tree roots and it can cause higher risks of flooding on these islands, which are usually very small. The surface runoff from the soil also can harm surrounding corals as the soils water runs out into the surrounding sea via rivers and streams. The soil then settles on the corals causing them to die. During the process it can block fish’s gills. 1st Pro arguments Deforestation is a major cause of climate change because it releases huge amounts of carbon into the atmosphere contributing to the greenhouse effect. Deforestation and forest degradation are both a cause and a result of climate change. Plants absorb carbon dioxide and use it to grow, but when they decay or burn, carbon dioxide is released again. Decaying plants also produce methane, a greenhouse gas more potent than carbon dioxide. So deforestation and forest degradation are doubly damaging, because greenhouse gases are released (e.g. through forest fires, or using the cut trees as firewood), while at the same time the number of carbon dioxide absorbing trees are reduced. Thirty percent of the carbon dioxide added to the atmosphere over the past 150 years is thought to come from deforestation, but this is a small amount compared to what is still stored in forests. The Canadian and Russian boreal forests alone hold 40 percent of the world’s carbon stocks(deforestation, 2006). Most importantly, deforestation causes a lack of clean air. The lack of clean air plays a big role in many diseases and illnesses that plague this world. By a chain of events, deforestation is responsible for those diseases and illnesses caused by breathing unclean air. Slash and burn agriculture which is one of the most important causes. It also known as swidden or shifting agriculture and it is a traditional method of tending domesticated crops that involves the rotation of several plots of land in a planting cycle. The farmer plants crops in a field for one or two seasons, and then lets the field lie fallow for several seasons. In the meantime, the farmer shifts to a field that has lain fallow for several years, and removes the vegetation by cutting it down and burning it—hence slash and burn. The ash from the burned vegetation adds another layer of nutrients to the soil, and that with the time resting allows the soil to regenerate. Slash and burn works best in low intensity agriculture, when the farmer has plenty of land that he or she can afford to let lay fallow; and it works best when crops are rotated to assist in restoring thenutrients. It has also been documented in societies where people maintain a very broad diversity of food-generation; that is, where people also hunt game, fish, and gather wild foods (Hirst, 2011). 2rd pro Deforestation does not only affect the climate. The world of academia takes a hard hit as the gene pool is diminished by the extermination of many species of plants and animals as a result of deforestation. Possibilities of exploration are as good as dead with the rapid rate of deforestation. There are many species of plants that have the potential to create medicines that can cure the ailments that there are no cures for at the moment. Deforestation can affect if we can cure such diseases such as AIDS. On a humorous note, those familiar with the Resident Evil franchise know about the virus that causes people to turn into zombies. Deforestation would destroy changes of creating a vaccine for that virus. There are many tribes that live in the forests and live somewhat isolated from society. They do not exploit the forest but cut enough wood to make a living. The non-indigenous people of the forest understand how important it is to preserve the forest and the resources it offers. Their livelihoods are cut short when people that exploit the forest for means of money are added to the equation (The effects of deforestation, 2008) Deforestation has many negative effects on the environment. The most dramatic impact is a loss of habitat for millions of species. Seventy percent of Earth’s land animals and plants live in forests, and many cannot survive the deforestation that destroys their homes. The unique biodiversity of various geographical areas is being lost on a scale that is quite unprecedented. Even though tropical rainforest make up just 6 percent of the surface area of the Earth, about 80-90 percent of the entire species of the world exist here. Due to massive felling of trees, about 50 to 100 species of animals are being lost each day. The outcome of which is the extinction of animals and plants on a massive scale. The effects on animals is very heartbreaking. They not only lose their habitat and protective cover, they are pushed to extinction. Many beautiful creatures, both plants and animals have vanished from the face of the earth (Putatunda, 2011) Third pro Another Example which was lead by deforestation is natural disaster. The most often case we can find out are Floods and Drought. Forests are a life saver, as they absorb a large amount of the rainfall, thereby stopping it from entering the inhabited areas and rivers. The cutting down of trees leads to disruption in the regular flow of water, thus causing floods in some areas, while drought in other areas. For decades, the common perception in hydrology has been that deforestation in such areas made seasonal floods bigger on average, but had little effect on the number of large floods over times, in the interior regions of North America, many creeks and rivers get most of their flow from melting snow accumulated during winter storms in mountainous areas. How much water flows down these streams depends not only on how much snow falls upstream, but how fast the snow melts. But deforestation shines a new – and glaring – light on this water source. While ordinarily the trees keep the melting under control by shielding snow from the sunlight, â€Å"as soon as you get rid of the trees, the snow melts faster (American Geophysical Union (AGU), 2012) Conclusion In the conclusion, the consequences are very unpleasant as every form of life on earth is interlinked with one another. Not only do animals lose their homes, but humans dependent on the local ecology are also affected. The water cycle gets disturbed leading to floods and droughts. People dependent on the forests for their survival lose their livelihood. Global warming is another problem looming over our heads. The causes and its effects of this destructive practice can be stopped to some extent, if we all do our bit towards the environment. Reduce emissions by avoiding use of cars and bikes indiscriminately. Make our factories more cleaner and monitor their emissions. Develop better ways of farming that help increase the yield without having an impact on the neighboring forest areas. Forest management and strict monitoring of tree cutting should be carried out by various government and other nonprofit agencies. Reforestation of lost areas and following sustainable practices will help us balance our green cover. Remember, trees give us life, without them it will be impossible to sustain life.

Egypt and Mesopotamia Essay

Egypt and Mesopotamia have both similarities and differences, throughout both of these civilizations from back to 3,500 B.C. The political and social structures in these civilizations were different and the same in their own way. The political differences between Egypt and Mesopotamia included hierarchy power, land control, and centralized government. The similarities between both civilizations are social class, male patriarchy, and kings. Egypt and Mesopotamia both had differences of their political and social structures. Egypt had more of authorial government, where one head person was in charge which in this case was the pharaoh, which was the head on Egypt social class, as well as leader of his society. The Pharaoh was basically a king ruling for his people, while Mesopotamia, had city states, which was controlled by priest kings. Another difference is that in Egypt the Pharaoh had complete control over the land, while in Mesopotamia the kings were not so powerful, and the land was split with others such as priest kings. Lastly, Egypt had a centralized government, while Mesopotamia did not have this. Egypt was ruled under one leader and was together as a unity. Egypt had an overall leader such as the Pharaoh, which helped Egypt stay united as one government and civilization. Key similarities would be that they both had poly gods and many of their gods were very brutal. Both the lands were birthed in war and had much cultural strife for land. Mesopotamia had an all mighty ruler of gods and Egyptians really didn’t. Many people say Ra was the almighty sun god of Egyptian culture but really all of Egypt’s gods were about equal. The idea of what is beautiful and what is considered â€Å"manly† is still held upon Egyptian beliefs, not Mesopotamian beliefs. Very different cultures Egypt developed in relative isolation from the rest of the ancient Near East. Thus, cultural evolution resulted in a totally unique civilization, without influence from the outside. Mesopotamia was a multicultural society, with Sumer and Akkad, Elam and Babylon, Assyria, Mitanni, and others all vying for supremacy. Mesopotamia and Egypt were both in flood basins of major rivers. Mesopotamia was characterized by turmoil and tension and in contrast Egypt was characterized by stability and serenity. The Mesopotamian climate was harsh and since the Tigris and the Euphrates flooded irregularly, nature was not viewed as life enhancing but rather considered to be a threat. Mesopotamia was located on an open plain without protection from foreign intrusions; therefore they  were continually on alert. Differences between the religions is the idea of death and resurrection for all people, including common people, was possible in ancient Egypt, but not generally so in Mesopotamian religions. Early on in Egyptian history, only the king, or pharaoh, could resurrect from the dead and live forever. That is why the Egyptians mummified their dead. Later, even the common man wanted his body to be preserved as a home for the spirit, who would live on in the afterlife. This was not possible for the average Mesopotamian. Egyptian religion was less likely to be influenced by the outside world. Mesopotamia is at the crossroads of many different peoples and cultures. Changes in the Mesopotamian religions was much more likely, and more common, than in Egypt. Egypt and Mesopotamia have both similarities and differences, throughout both of these civilizations from back to 3,500 B.C. The political and social structures in these civilizations were different and the same in their own way. The political differences between Egypt and Mesopotamia included hierarchy power, land control, and centralized government. The similarities between both civilizations are social class, male patriarchy, and kings. Egypt and Mesopotamia both had differences of their political and social structures. Egypt and Mesopotamia believed in polytheistic, but the Mesopotamia they believed in many rulers such as ur-nammu and sargon ant ect but they Egyptians believed in the pharaoh he was the only person in charge over everything.

3 Ways to Market Your Private School

3 Ways to Market Your Private School It was simple once, wasnt it? When it came to promoting your private school, you would create  a gorgeous brochure, mail it out to potential families, and wait for the phone to ring and the admissions appointments to be made. Its no longer that simple. Today, schools are finding themselves in a position of requiring a marketing plan to market to a savvier consumer. These prospective families have a long list of things that they are looking for in a school for their children, want to get an excellent education at an affordable price, and they want the best. Schools are facing a competitive marketplace, but many of them are faltering when it comes to marketing. So, how does your private school get noticed and where do you need to be focusing your marketing efforts? Here are three things you can start doing today to maximize your  marketing efforts: Evaluate and Optimize Your Website Today, it’s not uncommon for private schools to receive â€Å"phantom applications† meaning that there is no record of the family in their system before an application is received or request for an interview is made. Years ago, the only way to get information about the school was to inquire. Now, families can access that information through a quick online search. Therefore, it’s essential that your website serves a useful purpose. Make sure your school’s name, location, grades served, and application instructions are front and center on your website, along with your contact information. Don’t make people struggle to find this basic information they want; you might lose a prospective family before you even get a chance to say hello. Make sure the application process is outlined with easy-to-find dates and deadlines, as well as public events posted, so families know when you’re holding an Open House. Your site should also be responsive, which means it adjusts itself automatically based on the device the user has at the moment. Today, your prospective families will be using their phones to access your site at some point, and if your site isn’t mobile-friendly, the experience for the user won’t necessarily be a positive one. Not sure if your site is responsive? Check out the responsive design checker tool. You also need to think about how search engines view your schools site. This is called Search Engine Optimization, or SEO. Developing a strong SEO plan and targeting specific keywords can help your site get picked up by search engines and ideally display at the top of the search list. In the most basic terms, SEO can be broken down like this: Search engines like Google want to show users pages that have interesting and reputable content in their search results. That means that you need to make sure that your school’s website has interesting and reputable content that can be shown in search results.   You’re writing great content that uses keywords and long tail keywords- phrases- that people are searching for online. Start linking to previous content in your new content. Did you write a blog about admission process last week? This week, when you blog about financial aid as part of the admission process, link back to your previous article. This linking will help people navigate through your site and find even more great content. But, how will your audience find your content? Start by making sure you share your content using things like social media outlets (Facebook, Twitter, etc.) and email marketing. And, repeat. Blog, link, share, repeat. Consistently. Over time, you’ll build your followers up, and search engines like Google will take notice, slowly increasing your reputation. Develop a Robust Social Media Plan It’s not enough to have a website with great content. You need to share your content, and a strong social media plan is the perfect way to do that. You need to think about where your target audience is on a daily basis and how you’re going to interact with them. If you’re not already active on social media, you should be. Think about which social media outlet might be right for your school, and pick one or two outlets to use to start, if you haven’t already. Are you more interested in targeting the parents or the students? Determining your main target audience is key. Facebook and Twitter may be ideal for targeting parents, while Instagram and Snapchat could be best for students. How much time do you have to devote to a social media plan? Consistency is essential when it comes to social media marketing, and having regular content to share, and a purpose to what you’re sharing is important. Make sure that you have a plan that is realistic for the long-term, and that you are posting regularly. Ideally, you want to focus on evergreen content, which isn’t time sensitive and has a long shelf-life. That way, you can share the content many times, and it’s always relevant. Things like calendar reminders aren’t evergreen, and can only be used for a short period. Limit Print Advertising If reading this one causes you to panic, hear me out. Print advertising is expensive, and it’s not always the most effective use of your money. It’s hard to judge the success of print advertising truly, but many schools have stopped the vast majority of their print advertising campaigns, and guess what? Theyre doing better than ever! - Why?- Many of these schools have reallocated that funding to inbound marketing strategies, which helps them reach target audiences where they are on a daily basis. If youre thinking to yourself that theres no way your board of trustees will ever go for this, heres what happened with me: A board member at one of my former schools, came to me livid that we werent included in a major back to school advertising booklet that most of our peer schools were in. Four people have come to me asking why were not in there! I simply replied with, youre welcome. Think about it- if someone is looking through the newspaper and notices that you’re not there, is that a bad thing? No! You just saved money by not advertising, and the reader still thought about you. What’s the goal of advertising? To get noticed. If you get noticed by not advertising, that’s good news. And, people might even wonder why you’re not in the paper or magazine they are reading, which means they might head on over to your website or Facebook page to see what’s happening at your school. Not appearing in that Back to School issue might also make people think you dont need to be advertising, which makes them assume that youre doing so well, that applications are flooding in. This is a great reputation to have! Supply and demand. If people perceive your product (your school) as a highly desired commodity, then they will want it even more.  As long as you have other outreach efforts, not being in the print advertising sections isn’t going to hurt you. The benefit of digital advertising is instant conversions. When you can make a digital ad that leads the user right to the inquiry form where you get their contact information, that’s an ideal interaction. Print advertising requires the reader to move from their current media form (the print publication) to another media form (the computer or their mobile device) and search for you. When you advertise on Facebook and show up right in their timeline, that’s only one click to get them to interact with you. That’s easier for the user, and it saves you time and money! More inquiries with less money? Sign me up!

Making Freelance Pitching Personal

Making Freelance Pitching Personal Recently, I had an impasse in my writing career. So I read more books on technique, critiqued other writers works when I could, and continued to fine-tune my query-writing skills. But I wasnt attracting the assignments that challenged me and filled my bank account. That is, until I got personal. Do Your Research I took to heart Dale Carnegies defining advice. In his seminal book, How To Win Friends and Influence People, he emphasizes the importance of knowing names. People love to hear the sound of their names. Businesspeople who act warm, according to Carnegie, are more successful. Acting on this advice, I learned that studying potential clients professional and personal triumphs does give you an advantage. For example, I wanted to write for a consumer magazine, and I learned through social media that the editor graduated from Stanford. My article talked about hotels near Ivy League colleges, so I mentioned Stanford in the query I sent. Even if the editor rejected my first query, knowing about his education makes future queries on similar topics a surer fit. Dont Give Up Yes means yes, and no means no, but in freelancing those yeses and nos may give you options. I contacted a potential client who previously had rejected one of my magazine-article queries. Her magazine only accepted advertorials, but I didnt accept that declarative answer. At her LinkedIn profile, she stated that another one of her companies operated inspirational retreats. I have written about my struggles with poverty and depression. So, I asked in another email, are you looking for speakers for your retreats? Ive written essays about how I overcame struggles in my life. Send a one sheet detailing your

What Is Globalization Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

What Is Globalization - Research Proposal Example    Another word for globalization is an exchange. For the most part, the recent form and development of the world can be attributed to globalization because the technological advancement has happened as a result of the very exchange of resources and services among countries. While there are several features of globalization related to different aspects including economic, social, and political, yet â€Å"where it has had a most telling impact is in major and dramatic increases in global trade and exchanges in an open, integrated and borderless international environment† (Pere). Globalization has particularly increased as a result of the advent of the Internet. The Internet has allowed people to socialize with one another, make friends, and exchange ideas and opinions without being limited by the geographic boundaries. Globalization has played a very important role in the exchange of talent across the nations. These days, the Internet is used to recruit talented people from all over the world. â€Å"Globalization has changed us into a company that searches the world, not just to sell or to the source, but to find intellectual capital - the worlds best talents and greatest ideas† (Welch cited in Kulkarni). Employers use social networking sites like Facebook, Twitter, and LinkedIn to learn more about the candidates they are considering hiring. Positive effects of globalization include increased knowledge of world cultures; increased understanding of the norms and values, trends and traditions of different people; economic strengthening and development of the underdeveloped countries.

Innovation 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6000 words

Innovation 2 - Essay Example In light of all the approaches presented in this literature review pertaining to the usefulness of customer knowledge in defining the Key Performance Indicators for any organization, it can be rightly stated that in contemporary time the reliance upon closed innovation process has become adequate and thus is obsolete, because of the major requirements of this process which can not be fulfilled in the contemporary era of increased globalization. Therefore, incorporation of the open innovation process is not only essential but also necessary in order to succeed and progress. Within this process, customers play a significant role on every step of the product development process, and their immense contribution could not be ignored, since they are the end users thus the utilization of their knowledge could spell success for the firm if it is handled appropriately. This paper makes a conclusion that with this the KPIs of the organization have to be restructured into more qualitative tools in order to account for different intricate and complex sources of knowledge base. When these are properly restructured and evaluated it leaves the organization with the dilemma of solving the issue of lost intellectual property, thus proposing that the outside-in method of open innovation should be used and external sources should be used for commercialization once the idea has been licensed, in order to ensure protection of Intellectual Property and also effectiveness in marketing.

Intelligence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Intelligence - Essay Example (Wechsler, 1944, p.4) Intelligence is considered to be global as it characterises the individual's behaviour as a whole; it is a combination of those elements or abilities, which, though not entirely independent, are qualitatively differentiable. "By measurement of these abilities, we ultimately evaluate intelligence. But intelligence is not identical with the mere sum of these abilities, however inclusive". (Wechsler, 1944, p. 6) Wechsler suggests that there are three important reasons, which justify this statement: (1) The ultimate products of intelligent behaviour are not only a function of the number of abilities or their quality but also of the way in which they are combined, that is, upon their configuration. (3) Finally, while different orders of intelligent behaviour may require varying degrees of intellectual ability, an excess of any given ability may add relatively little to the effectiveness of the behaviour as a whole. It would seem that, so far as general intelligence is concerned, intellectual ability as such merely enters as a necessary minimum. "Thus, to act intelligently, one must be able to recall numerous items i.e., have a retentive memory. But beyond a certain point and age in developmental life span, this ability does not help much in coping with life situations successfully". (Wechsler, 1944, p. ... However the extent to which decline is confronted can be evaluated through various measurement tests and techniques. "Although intelligence is no mere sum of intellectual abilities, the only way we can evaluate it quantitatively is by the measurement of the various aspects of these abilities. There is no contradiction here unless we insist upon the identity of general intelligence and intellectual ability". (Wechsler, 1944, p. 8) Researchers have always related intelligence to different mental processes. More recently psychologists have began to emphasize not only the processes but the content as well. They speak of memory but of auditory memory; not only of reasoning but of abstract, verbal or arithmetical reasoning. In a like manner some psychologists have begun to distinguish various kinds of intelligence. Thorndike, has suggested subdividing intelligence into three main types: (1) Abstract or verbal intelligence, involving facility in the use of symbols; (2) Practical intelligence, involving facility in manipulating objects; (3) Social intelligence, involving facility in dealing with human beings. The significant thing about this classification is that it emphasises upon the age criteria, accomplishments a person can achieve and how he can do it. This distinction between function and content is fully justified by experimental evidence. The rating, which an individual attains on an intelligence examination, depends to a considerable degree on the type of test used. His score on a test made up largely of verbal items may differ significantly from that obtained on a test involving questions of social comprehension and still more from another test made up of items involving predominantly psychomotor reactions and the perception of spatial relationships.